AUTUMN SKIES DELIGHT FOR SENSES

       The autumn skies are one of the starry delights of the year, and the last time you might spend night time outdoors.

       Let’s face it, the days are numbered that you’ll be outside after dark as cold weather and busy holidays keep most of us inside when the day turns to night.

       And we don’t want to think about those January and February cold nights, when there are dark skies at 6 pm but not much gumption to brave the usually harsh weather.

       So make some time every week for an hour or so stargazing by just sitting outdoors in comfortable clothes on a comfy recliner and allowing your eyes to adapt to the night.

       I guarantee it won’t be wasted time.  I think you might be recharged a little bit, and for sure you’ll witness with eyes and ears a new perspective on your neighborhood.

       Most of us will be battling the security lights of the neighbors, so try and block yourself from annoying stray light.  Start relaxing outside in the deep twilight and see all kinds of nature stirring about as the stars come out to play with you

Your eyes take about 15 minutes away from white light to allow the pupils to open wider and allow a dramatically better night vision.  The human eye isn’t sensitive to red light, and flashlights with a red bulb or cellophane are what’s needed to look at a star map or equipment.  As your eyes open wide like an owl, use your ears to hear the night world around us coming alive. 

       You’ll hear crickets and other insects in their nocturnal cacophony, then a few bats will dart by, snagging flying insects that buzzed by you earlier. You realize car tires make a sound of their own on the streets, and somewhere overhead a propeller plane is heading to a twilight landing. A dog barks, quarreling cats howl and in the distance a train’s whistle moans. 

       All of a sudden, it’s dark.

       Even if the Moon is high and the lunar light drowns out the stars, there will always be a few dozen of the brightest to shine through. And maybe a planet or two. 

       Getting familiar with the night sky is like meeting neighbors that change as you drive down a road that repeats every 12 months. Seeing the Great Square of Pegasus in the northeast this Autumn time of the year is like seeing an old friend you haven’t talked to since February when the celestial horse was setting in the west.

A star chart is essential and fun to use when beginning to get curious about which star is which and the starry outlines of the constellations. A “planisphere” is a star wheel that can be moved to show you the star patterns at any date and time, and they can be found at most book stores. Libraries will have several books on constellations, and free sky charts are on the Internet, like StarMaps.com.

Hey! That 1965 edition of the New Encyclopedia Britannica you inherited from your parents—or snagged cheaply at a yard sale—will no doubt have a star chart for the North and South Hemispheres of Earth.  Even some world atlases will have star charts.  It doesn’t matter how old your star chart is, the constellations haven’t changed in millions of years, only the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets change.

To know the night sky is truly a rewarding experience that never gets old. There is so much to learn…and so little time. You can’t stargaze when the Moon is bright for a week or so around full phase, and then you have plenty of cloudy nights. 

Then everyone has a personal life that has lots of evening commitments.  So in reality, you might be lucky to seriously stargaze just five or six times a month.

Before you know it, the night sky has changed its characters, the constellations you were learning are setting, and new ones are rising in the east. After a season or two of steady stargazing, you’ll come to learn the rhythm of our Earth’s journey around our favorite star, the Sun. The rewards will be something you only measure inside your mind.

This October 2014 we are treated to an encounter by two stellar objects the ancient stargazers would have feasted about—the conjunction of Mars and its antithesis, Antares. 

Literally “not Ares,” the Greek god of war, this giant, old red star has few rivals in our nearby Universe. Mars is the Roman god of war, and that name has stuck to this red, wandering “star” that all cultures recognized as blood, a warrior or omen for conflict. 

This Autumn 2014, Mars is above and to the left (west) of Antares, which is the heart of Scorpius, a giant fish hook of stars that curve to the southern horizon. This rather small constellation (in the Zodiac, only Cancer is smaller) looks like its namesake, the stinger lying near the center of the Milky Way.  Mars will be visiting the Milky Way this fall as it goes from Scorpius than into the feet of the Snake Handler, Ophiuchus (the unrecognized 13^th constellation of the Zodiac) and into Sagittarius by mid-November.

Milky Way photo by MarQ

The 2014 conjunction of Mars with Antares happens after summertime of watching Mars move back and forth in Virgo between planet Saturn and bright star Spica, This would be huge news in the astrology-fueled world of the ancient stargazers. Five thousand years ago, the plains of Mesopotamia and the valleys of Babylon would be abuzz trying to figure out the intent of the gods as the celestial scene played out over months.  Being the “Chief Astrologer” to a King would be a great gig in the ancient world—as long as your stargazing predictions came true! 

Both Mars and Antares have nearly the identical hue of red and brightness. Mars gets significantly brighter when near Earth every two years or so. But the similarities stop at the naked eye threshold when seeing these two red “stars. 

       They are two physically interesting worlds.  Antares is a super giant star, nearly 500 million miles in diameter, so huge it would swallow up the orbit of Mars if it replaced our Sun. It also has a bluish companion star orbiting it, easily seen in a telescope. Antares is 325 Light Years away, meaning the light we see tonight left this giant, dying star in 1689…the year Peter the Great became Czar of Russia!

       That’s a concept that ancient astronomers would never grasp—that we actually look back in time because the stars are so far away.  Even light traveling at 186,000 miles a second—6 trillion miles in a year—takes years to traverse the distance to even the closest stars to our Sun. 

       So take advantage of these mild Autumn nights that have so many starry friends awaiting your acquaintance. Look up and imagine each starry point as a world of its own, probably with several planets and maybe a companion star orbiting it.

       And just maybe you’ll find it so enjoyable that you’ll continue stargazing though the Winter and get in rhythm with the seasonal stars.  You won’t be disappointed. 

Apollo Moon Conquest 45 Years Ago



It was 45 years ago when a troubled America began turning its attention to a distraction from our problems—the first Moon landing. 
 The year 1969 was an unforgettable time of triumph and tragedy. 
 Racial strife...women's lib...President Richard Nixon...Vietnam...nuclear disarmament...Woodstock...
 But America's domestic woes and the unpopular war 9,000 miles away were nearly forgotten in the Summer of '69 when the historic events of Apollo 11 culminated in the footprints of Americans on an alien world 240,000 miles away.  
 Mankind’s greatest adventure was set in full motion July 16 at 9:32 AM when three Apollo 11 astronauts were blasted off the Earth by the largest rocket ever built, the Saturn V. It was the culmination of a decade of technological innovation that spread world-wide and continues into the 21st Century. 
MOON SHIP ATOP SATURN V AT LAUNCH PAD 

The first steps of the risky Moon voyage by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began in 1961 with America’s first spaceflight in 1961 by Alan Shepard. And it was fueled by President John F. Kennedy's directive to “land and man on the Moon, and return him safely to Earth before the end of the decade.”
 Americans weren't the only ones wanting to go to the Moon.  Communist Soviet Union put the first man in space, and continued with propaganda-fueled space spectaculars of the first female and first two and three person crews in orbit.  But the Russians were conducting their space program in secret, while Americans showed their triumphs and failures to the world. 

 The 1960s saw a logical progression of building blocks of knowledge about the unforgiving unknowns of outer space.  First were six one-man Mercury spaceflights, and then nine two-man Gemini missions.  Finally there was the three-man Apollo Command Module that was tested in Earth orbit with Apollo 7.  The bold, orbit-only mission to the Moon by Apollo 8 in December 1968 made the world see America was serious and almost ready to make those giant steps on our celestial neighbor 240,000 miles away.  

In March 1969, Apollo 9 tested in earth-orbit the moonship that would take two men to the surface.  Designed only to fly in space and land on the Moon, the Lunar Excursion Module resembled a giant four-legged spider and was called “LEM.” The Command ship 
Command Module and Lunar Lander
would orbit the Moon and return to Earth, the LEM would land with the leg section becoming the launch platform for the bulbous, pressurized cabin.  Both vehicles would need code names chosen by the astronauts.
The full dress rehearsal was made by Apollo 10 astronauts when “Charlie Brown” was in orbit May 21, 1969 and the moonship “Snoopy” flew to within 9 miles of the lunar target in Mare Tranquility. Despite a few problems in the landing radar system, the mission was an overwhelming success and NASA ramped up for the actual lunar landing. 
 Finally, the Moon was within man's grasp.
 The stage was set, and every move of the principle characters were followed in the media for the next two months in the Summer of '69. It was a Thursday on July 16th when one million people lined the roads leading to Cape Kennedy, Florida to watch the morning launch of the mighty Saturn V moon rocket. Crammed in the tiny cockpit of “Columbia” were astronauts Michael Collins, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Commander Neil Armstrong, while nestled beneath them was the moonship, “Eagle.” 
 The media coverage world-wide was unprecedented, rivaling the 24-hour coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy in November 1963. The morning and evening editions of newspapers, radio, and the three broadcasting networks—ABC, CBS and NBC—reported up-to-the-minute reports from NASA on the status of the moonship. 
 The non-stop TV coverage began Saturday afternoon July 19th when the two docked spacecraft entered lunar orbit.  ABC’s Jules Bergman and CBS’s Walter Cronkite spent the next 36 hours on the air with NASA astronauts and rocket scientists trying to explain and document the adventure.  The moment of landing came at 4:17 pm EST Saturday, followed by Armstrong’s first footprint on an alien world at 9:28 pm EST. The two-hour moonwalk by Armstrong and Aldrin was broadcast live by a Black & White video camera on a tripod, and included a congratulatory conversation from President Richard Nixon.  
Neil Armstrong's first step seen live on television

The lunar stay ended at 1:52 pm Monday afternoon when the “Eagle” spacecraft blasted off the alien world, meeting up two hours later with Collins orbiting in the moonship “Columbia.” The three day voyage back to Earth was all smiles, and splashdown at 2 pm Thursday July 24th saw the astronaut heroes picked up by the USS Hornet, with President Nixon on deck. America had won the Moon Race, and Kennedy’s dream was realized. 
 Today, the year 1969 is a nostalgic, far away land of 35-cent gasoline in $3,000 new cars that were parked in the garages of average American homes that cost $26,000.  A great steak dinner was $10, a gallon of milk was $1.25 and.  And it seemed everyone was smoking 35-cent packs of cigarettes at their work desk, in restaurants and anywhere they wanted to light up. Minimum wage was $1.60 an hour. 

Tranquility Base from lunar orbit

 Americans were watching on new color televisions (and more black and white TVs) “Get Smart!,”  “Hogan's Heroes” and “Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In.” They were listening on transistor radios to “Mrs. Robinson” by Simon and Garfunkel, “Honky Tonk Women,” by the Rolling Stones and the Beatle's last album, “Abbey Road.” And at the $1.50 ticket movies, 1969 offered “Midnight Cowboy,” “Easy Rider” and “Chitty, Chitty, Bang, Bang!” 
 The Moon Race with the Soviet Union was decidedly won by the United States—but it was very close.  The Russian's lunar spaceship was ready, but their moon rocket had blown up twice in the spring of 1969, leaving their moonship grounded. The Apollo 11 moon landing was the ultimate fatal blow in the USSR Moon plans, and they turned to earth-orbiting space stations.  
 As incredible as the Apollo 11 triumph was—indeed the debatable #1 historic event of the entire 20th Century—the conquest of the Moon was achieved against the background of an America in chaos at home with racial desegregation and at war in Vietnam.
While civil rights showdowns became ugly and American soldiers fought the Communists in Southeast Asia, rocket scientists in the USA traded space spectaculars with the top secret Moon program of Communist Russia. The Moon Race, costing American taxpayers around $40 billion at the time ($200-plus billion in 2014 dollars) and the Vietnam War (another $50 billion or more) both had their detractors—and it was amazing both were financed at the same time. 
 Now, 45 years later, we know the Soviet space program was a lot of smoke and mirrors to make them look good.  Propaganda from the USSR in the 1960s was commonplace as the two Superpowers vied for the world's attention as the technologically superior nation.
 And when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their moonship named “Eagle” on the shores of an ancient, frozen lava ocean named Tranquility, the Soviets responded by saying they had no desire to walk on the Moon. 
But the Russians were lying, their national pride hurt.  Their moonship, named Zond, was built for just one man, and was to be attached to the two-man Soyuz spaceship, as two cosmonauts were to make the lunar voyage. 
 Moonship Zond was the size of a bulky telephone booth with landing legs and rocket engines. One lucky cosmonaut was to land in this moonship, step outside quickly to gather rocks and take photos, then blast off after only a couple hours on the surface. The whole concept was crude, highly dangerous and had little room for spacecraft system failures. 

That was a far cry from the 10-ton NASA Lunar Module that took two men to the Moon's surface on July 20, 1969, and for some 20 hours on the surface fulfilled a dream of mankind.
 The American spirit was never stronger or filled with more pride than on that amazing Sunday summer night of July 20, 1969. Maybe as many as 1 billion of the Earth's 3.6 billion people were watching live television as Armstrong and Aldrin lopped across the Moon's dusty surface.  
 Five more successful Moon landings followed, including the last three with Lunar Rovers that allowed serious geological exploration during three-day stays on the surface. 
 Forty-five years after those first tentative footsteps on an alien world, it's questionable whether the United State of America has ever swelled with more pride—or ever will again.

 Some will argue that the orbiting $100 billion International Space Station is a greater accomplishment than the Apollo moon landings.  In many technical ways it is, but the Space Station lacks the attention and drama of the lunar voyage.  
 Four and a half decades later, the voyage of Apollo 11 is a distant memory to a generation, and a footnote in history to those too young to remember.   The crowning achievement of Space Age, the events at Tranquility Base on the Moon will forever be a benchmark in mankind’s quest to find our place in the Universe. 

Mars Red Ruby of the Night

       Mars.

       The word brings to mind all the mystery and imagination by humans.  Since ancestral man began paying attention to the five wandering stars that moved among the fixed star patterns, Mars has beckoned.

       Tonight and all through the Summer of 2014, Mars beholds your attention with just a look to the south when twilight descends.  Far from its red brilliance when it was opposite Earth in April, Mars is still a ruby red eye-catcher in the Summer darkness.  Watch Mars move against the backdrop of stars during the next months by checking its relationship to the bright, white star Spica, both celestial objects in the sprawling lady of the night, Virgo the Virgin.

       When you look at Mars, you’re looking at the one celestial object that has inspired more science fiction and questions of science facts than any other stargazing sight. Sure, plenty has been written about the Moon, but it is Mars where the hope of life has tantalized the writers of books, movies and documentaries.

Percival Lowell's Martian "Canals"

       Everyone probably has a favorite Mars movies (mine being “War of the Worlds” 1953 and “Red Planet” 2000) and maybe a science fiction or fact book (again, my favs are “Stranger in a Strange Land” by Robert Heinlein and “Mars 3-D” by Jim Bell).  Just 100 years ago, a Boston aristocrat with eccentric ways, Percival Lowell, was enjoying the afterglow of his three best sellers: “Mars” (1895), “Mars and Its Canals” (1895) and “Mars As the Abode of Life” (1908). Lowell, who built his observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz. and later began the search for Planet X, aka Pluto, is responsible for popularizing the popular notion that Mars had a dying civilization calling to Earth for help. That was the inspiration for H.G. Wells and his Earth invasion by Martians in “War of the Worlds.”

       Mars is the only planet that we see the surface, easy to do with even a small, backyard telescope when the Red Planet is at opposition every two years. The white polar caps and dark, angular markings are apparent against the orange-red of the assumed deserts. Until the Space Age began in the 1960s, the exact nature of the dark markings was unknown.  Details in large, professional telescopes were often best seen with the naked eye instead of photography because of limits of the films being used and unsteady atmosphere of Earth. Yet hundreds of features were recorded and given exotic names from Martian mythology, like Elysium, Sineus Sabous, Hellus and Syrtis Major.

       Authors have continually imagined Mars as an abode for life—if only the visiting astronaut.  Edgar Rice Burrough’s series of planet Barsoom and hero John Carter is legendary; as are the terraforming concept books of Kim Stanley Robinson: “Red Mars” (1993), “Green Mars” (1994) and “Blue Mars” (1996).  A friend called me just the other day to ask if I’d read a new best seller, “The Martian” by Andy Weir, which he plowed through in a couple sittings—then re-read it! It’s on my list, and debuted 12^th on the New York Times Best Selling Fiction list.

       And the movies are filled with Martian drama and comedy, from the 1964 “Robinson Crusoe on Mars” to the comedy “Mars Attacks” (1996). The movie rights to “The Martian” have been bought and Hollywood will soon bring us the story of an astronaut stranded alone on the Red Planet.  The fascination with Mars is timeless.

       The first Martian surface feature was sketched by Dutch Astronomer Christiaan Huygens in 1659, the triangular patch called Syrtis Major. This feature was rediscovered in the 1970s to be a plateau of a shield volcano form billions of years ago.

Mars from Hubble Space Telescope

With the 21^st Century invasion of Mars by American spacecraft that are in orbit and crawling on the surface, the real Mars is just as fascinating and mysterious as anything written in fiction—minus the aliens, of course. 

Many people are surprised that Mars is half the size of Earth at just 4,200 miles wide.  It is a cold world, and without a protective, thick atmosphere and shield of a magnetic system, the surface is bombarded by damaging ultraviolet rays of the Sun and cosmic rays of the Universe.

Mars is more like Antarctica, super cold, yet windy with sand being blown around everywhere.  There are eight huge volcanoes larger than anything on Earth that once belched ash around the planet.  The iron dust rusted from moisture in the air, and everything on Mars is coated with it. NASA’s rovers have a brush to scrape off the paper-thin layer of rusted volcano ash—giving the Red Planet its name since antiquity.

Looking up at Mars in the Summer of 2014 is an amazing time.  With two American rovers, two NASA orbiters, and a European robot in orbit, never has so much data on one planet been accumulated with such continuity—the satellites watching the Earth an obvious exception.

We know Mars had a watery past with a hemisphere covered with oceans. The huge volcanoes dormant for maybe 3 billion years (we think?) must have created a vast network of tube caves.  The protection of caves from the harsh space environment sterilizing the Martian surface could allow all kinds of life to flourish.  And there is plenty of evidence of underground water seeping to the surface, not to mention the billions of gallons of water frozen at the poles and buried just a few feet beneath the surface.

       There is no rain on Mars, but the polar lander Phoenix detected snow in the atmosphere that didn't reach the ground. Another discovery of the 1998 stationary lander was the melting of ice in front of the cameras—sublimating from solid water to a gas without taking liquid form.

Yet, Mars is a lot like Earth—more so, of course, than any other world in the Solar System. There are clouds and dust devils that have left squiggly lines in the deserts (and cleaned off solar panels on rovers). Evidence of flowing water is everywhere, from tapered islands in ancient rivers to pebbles in a dry creek that was in the path of NASA’s latest billion-dollar rover, Curiosity.

The imagery of Mars from the surface and orbit is astounding.  So alien in form and style that a display of Martian space art is on display through September 14 at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC.  

The surface of Mars has rocks like Earth. Of course there’s lots of vesicular basalt from volcanoes. Breccias from water sediments are also easy to find. And there is rocky andesite, volcanic sulfur and hematite that have rolled up in millions of balls the size of blueberries across the Meridinia plains that Mars rover Spirit in its amazing eight year trek.

It’s true that the surface of Mars can get a warm as 60 degrees F. on a hot summer day.  But the thin atmosphere doesn’t hold the heat well, so at your knees it might be 40 degrees and at the top of your head six feet off the ground it’s only 20 degrees or less! The thermal changes might pose problems for large structures, though six landers have operated within their limits designed by spacecraft engineers.

Martians are big our minds, and though we know they won’t be waving at us, all the evidence to support life has been discovered by American robots.  It might take astronaut cave explorers to turn over a rock and see the first alien cockroaches scatter.

So there’s plenty to think about when looking at Mars in our Summer evenings this 2014.  Let your mind go wild and join some great thinkers who have brought us both Martian fact and fiction. 

New Meteor Shower Could Be Big

Friday/Saturday May 23rd/24th 

       The astronomy community has been abuzz with the potential major meteor shower Saturday morning that might turn into a fantastic cosmic storm.

       Any time after sunset Friday May 23 and sunrise Saturday May 24, fragments of an ancient comet will be bombarding Earth for the first time, and the predictions range from 10 to 10,000 meteors an hour!

       Once again the unpredictability of celestial events has created an excitement that will play out as the laws of physics takes Earth through a stream of tiny rocks crossing our orbit. 

       Like looking out a car window at night in a snowstorm, the comet debris seems to radiate out of a point in space—like snowflakes in headlights of the moving car.

       The dust of comet P209/LINEAR has finally crossed into the path of Earth, barreling along its 800 million mile solar orbit at 30,000 mph.  This comet was discovered in 2004, but has been around since the 1800s in a five-year orbit that loops around the Earth and back to the Sun.

Lyrid Meteor Shower April 22, 2012  (NASA All Sky Camera)

       The May Camelopardalids have not occurred before, and they will emanate out of the constellation called the Giraffe.  This will be good as Camelopardalis is an indistinct star pattern in the north between the Big and Little Dippers—so it will be visible all night long. It is just an illusion that the meteors radiate out of the giraffe, that’s just the direction in space we are plowing through.

       The predictions come from the top meteor researchers in the world and range from 20 an hour (very respectable) to 200 a minute (a meteor storm!).

Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research Center (LINEAR), NASA and the US Air Force are partners in surveying the skies for comets and asteroids that could be hazardous to our planet.  Comet 209/LINEAR is just one of hundreds of objects under surveillance.

        In fact, there are 1,470 Near Earth Objects (NEA) being watched that might someday hit the Earth, and that number changes monthly.  Gravity interactions with our Moon and other planets might alter the predicted orbit, sending a harmless asteroid or comet into a collision course with Earth.

       Asteroids don’t trail debris as they are rocky bodies from a few thousand feet to a few miles in size.  Comets are bodies of rock and ice that have their surfaces stripped when warmed up as their orbit is nearest the Sun, called perihelion. The solar wind blows two tails away from the Sun, one of gases from the ice and the other of solid debris. A comet refreezes as it heads to the farthest point from the Sun, called aphelion.

       Comet P209/LINEAR isn’t passing by Earth, it’s on the other side of the Sun.  But Earth is intersecting the debris field of the comet’s orbit, which is above and below the plane of our solar orbit.  

A couple times a month the Earth encounters debris from other comets, but most of the time there isn’t much left. But there are still some thick streams of cosmic dust left, and they create the famous and reliable meteor showers of the Lyrids, Geminids and Perseids.

Most meteors are tiny, the size of sand grains. They disintegrate from the friction of the Earth’s atmosphere when slamming into us at thousands of miles an hour.  The energy is released as light, and sometimes there is a smoky trail called a train. When a big meteor, maybe the size of a small rock, strikes the atmosphere it can explode in several blasts, light the sky and even have sound.  These are called bolides, and are being captured nearly weekly on security cameras around the world.

Debris in space is called a meteoroid, when in the Earth’s atmosphere like a “shooting star” it’s a meteor and when found on the ground it’s a meteorite.  Incredibly, some 10 tons lands on Earth everyday—that’s 20,000 pounds of cosmic debris!

And, of course, larger pieces of meteoroids—some weighing tons—have made it through the atmosphere intact, often creating craters when hitting the ground.

The potential Camelopardalis Meteor Shower will be fun to watch as the shooting stars draw attention to the circumpolar constellations of the two bears, Cassiopeia the Queen, Draco the Dragon and Cepheus the King.  

The ancient Greeks believed in an animal that was had the head of a camel and spots of a leopard—a camel-leopard.  A “new” constellation drawn up by faint stars between Ursa Major and Cassiopeia, it first appeared in star charts in a 1624 book by the German mathematician Jakob Bartsch, a son-in-law of the great astronomer-mathematician Johannes Kepler.  

You don’t need any special equipment to observer a meteor shower, just patience and some creature comforts to get you though the long hours of surveying the night sky. 

Some of the essential equipment is lawn chairs, a light blanket, refreshments, snacks and maybe a radio.  Star charts, a red flashlight to read them and a pair of binoculars will help you learn the stars and constellations and some of the celestial treasures they contain. Meteor watching can be a great time to test the waters of the hobby, and see if the astronomy bug bites.

Photography of meteors is not easy, but you might catch a few if you have a camera that can have its shutter open for 10 minutes or longer.  Set the camera on a tripod, chose an ISO sensitivity of 800 or more, and set the time exposure.  The stars will trail as they move in the sky, and the meteors will be bright streaks of light.  Capturing a meteor with a camera is tough, but worth a try while your eyes record the fleeting streaks of light.

Stay up all night this Friday, May 23, or set your alarm clock for 2-3 am on Saturday May 24 to catch a falling star.  If the skies are clear, you won’t be disappointed.  

       

RUSSIAN COUP AT THE SPACE STATION?      

          What a predicament!

          Russia can easily take control of the earth-orbiting International Space Station, shared by 15 other countries and built piece-by-piece with 37 American Space Shuttle missions.

         And in the midst of the Ukraine crisis, the head of their space program has posted on Twitter that threat of a coup in outer space.

          Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, whose bank assets have been frozen as a target of U.S. sanctions, twitted this on April 27^th:

“After analyzing the sanctions against our space industry, I suggest to the USA to bring their astronauts to the International Space Station using a trampoline.”

In other words, Rogozin, the head of the Russian Space Agency, has told America to take a flying leap if it wants access to the ISS!

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION     NASA Photo

          Along with the US sanctions against Russia, NASA has banned any contact with the Russian Space Agency’s headquarters at Star City, outside Moscow.  Exceptions are the training underway for American astronauts and their assigned missions with cosmonauts and other foreign space fliers.

The International Space Station orbiting Earth could become literally occupied by Russians only, as they have the only spaceship that can dock there.  Their three-man Soyuz spacecraft became the only ride when Congress and the Obama Administration decided to retire in 2010 the Space Shuttle program and its three veteran Orbiters.

          The tense international situation has repercussions all over the world, but 225 miles high in outer space, the drama seems written out of a blockbuster spy novel. The International Space Station is easy to see with the naked eye as a bright star moving across the night sky, a popular object for even casual stargazers.

          Aboard the ISS is the first commander from the Japan, Koichi Wakata.  The other five members of the Expedition 39 crew are Americans are Steve Swanson and Rick Mastracchio, and three Russians: Oleg Artemyev, Alexander Skvortsov and Mikhail Tyurin.

          The crews rotate out in groups of three, as two Soyuz space craft are always attached to the amazing research facility that space insiders simply call “The Station.”

          After 150 days in space, Commander Wakata, Russian Tyurin and American Mastracchio will return to Earth in their Soyuz TMA-11M spacecraft on May 13.  That will leave two Russian and an American on the ISS until the launch of the Expedition 40 crew in Soyuz TMA-13M on May 28^th consisting of a Russian, an American and a European.

          When the Ukraine crisis spurred world sanctions, NASA said the science aboard The Station would continue with Americans as planned.  But as military actions escalated, so has the rhetoric about what could happen aboard the ISS. 

          NASA has been paying up to $70 million to a seat in the cramped Soyuz capsule, a spaceship design first flown in 1968 and modernized as technology progressed. 

Russian Soyuz spaceship docked at ISS  NASA photo

          America’s four to six person Orion space capsule is still three or four years away from test flights, let alone routine missions to the ISS. The only other spaceship in the world is China’s Shenzhou, a knock-off of the bulbous, three section Soyuz.

          China is not a partner in the $100 billion ISS, and has flown only five very ambitious human missions, including two to their own, small space station. But could China become a space partner of the ISS and supply rides?  Back in the 1970s, it seemed impossible that the USA and Russia would cooperate in outer space.

The Station has recently been granted a life extension until at least 2024. The orbiting outpost is the largest manmade structure in space, and rotating crews of astronauts and cosmonauts have manned it since 2000. Five space agencies representing 15 different countries helped build the space laboratory.

Could Russia take the ISS as hostage?

If Russian President Vladimir Putin wants to, it’s a real possibility.

Not only do the Russian’s have the only manned spaceships going to The Station, but they have the only weapons on-board, too!

That’s right, under the commander’s seat of both Soyuz spaceships now docked to the ISS is a combination rifle/shotgun/machete weapon that has flown on every manned mission. Called the TP-82, it is the bail-out gun for Russian military pilots. Because the Soyuz spacecraft lands on solid ground, an errant trajectory could necessitate a survival scenario for a day or two—which has occurred several times.

So, Russians could execute an actual armed take-over of The Station.  What repercussions would that create?

NASA Chief Charlie Bolden has noted that the space station has been through “multiple international crises” since crews began living there full-time on Nov. 2, 2000. That includes the 2008 war between Russia and Georgia over break-away regions Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

If Russia kicked everyone off the ISS and maintained it themselves, not just America would be affected.  Five space agencies are involved, the others being Canada, Europe and Japan, all contributing billions of dollars to the development and construction of The Station.

The crisis might accelerate the work being done by three private aerospace firms building manned spacecraft.  Already the firm Space-X has flown successful unmanned supply mission with their spaceship called Dragon, which is being modified for human travel.  Behind it are two other spaceflight firms, Orbital Science Corp. and Virgin Galactic.

          Currently there have been 212 individuals who have docked with The Station, including 31 women (none of which have been Russian). That represents a total of 355 “tickets” punched, with the multiple visits by single astronauts. Six people have made four flights, including current crewman Mastracchio. There are 26 persons who have made three flights and 76 people have lived on the ISS twice.

          As tensions continue between Russia and the Free World over their actions in the Ukraine, the politics will spill upward to outer space and the crown jewel of 50 years of space exploration—the International Space Station.

          Some facts about the ISS:

·       The covering the size of a football field, the entire complex weighs 816,000 pounds.

·       The acre of solar panels generates 110 kilowatts of power, and the panels move to face the Sun as The Station orbits.

·       Traveling at 17,500 mph (5 miles per second) at an average 220 miles high, the ISS takes 90 minutes to orbit the 25,000 mile circumference of Earth.

·       Keep in mind that the ISS orbit is in 45 minutes of daylight, then 45 minutes of night, creating 17 sunrises and sunsets each 24-hour period.

·       Eight tons of food is required to support a six person expedition crew for half a year. Because the sense of taste is somewhat suppressed in space, crews enjoy spicy foods, including shrimp cocktail, tortillas, barbecue beef brisket, breakfast sausage links, chicken fajitas, vegetable quiche, macaroni and cheese, candy-coated chocolates and cherry blueberry cobbler. Lemonade is the most popular drink.

·       There are 13 rooms on the ISS, the most popular being the seven-window cupola, where spacefliers have a breathtaking view of Earth and space.

Stargazing 101: How to Enjoy the Night Sky

The transition of winter to spring not only warms our bones and give us a boost with the new life springing up around us, but it’s a great time to learn how to stargazer.

With some of the most recognizable constellations like Orion saying goodbye in the west, new ones are replacing them, including Leo the Lion, Bootes the Charioteer and the best appearance of the Big Dipper in the north.

So here are some real life tips on how to survive under the stars while learning about them.  Always remember, you are connecting with every human who has looked up on the celestial night and wondered why…no one owns the original when it comes to a star or the ancient constellations.

The practical necessities for stargazing are:

1. Star maps -- The heart of stargazing are maps of the unchanging stars and the imagined patterns they make.  You’ll need a road map to the night sky that will be a trusted friend.  Whether a wheeled planisphere (available at most nature museums or some bookstores) or charts from a library book, these tools will help you to become familiar with the constellations and bright stars that reappear for months at a time, year after year.  At www.starmaps.com, you can download and print for free a map with notes on plenty of places in the night sky to visit.  The two popular amateur magazines, Sky & Telescope and Astronomy, always have a monthly centerfold of the sky, and highlight what’s visible.  The magazines also have free websites to see their night sky reports, www.skypublishing.com and www.astronomy.com. Other fabulous resources for amateur astronomers are www.spaceweather.com, www.space.com and www.universetoday.com.

2. Red Flashlight – If you’re going to read and keep your night vision, you need a red light.  A red light is used because it doesn’t affect the eye’s sensors like white light, and you maintain a dilated pupil, allowing maximum night vision.  Use red cellophane on a regular flashlight, or paint the bulb red with fingernail polish.  And there are many battery powered lights with red filters available if you look around hardware and sporting goods.

3. Lounge chair – Oh, yeah.  You want to be comfortable.  Lying down in a comfortable lounge chair settles you in to look around the sky, sometimes concentrating on the right sight, other times the left side.  And you are able to look overhead easily and watch for faint satellites—which are more common than you may think!

4. Dress for night – The dip in night temperature creates a dew point when water in the atmosphere condenses as a liquid on everything.   Dew is the enemy of maps, binoculars and telescopes, which can get quite wet around the 2-5 am coldest part of the night. Putting your maps and gear on a table with an umbrella will keep them dry.  And you might need a light jacket, hoodie or a blanket to keep the chill of you.

MarQ photo

5. Computer planetarium program – It’s best to prepare for your night observing by reading your maps and looking at a desk top planetarium show of the night. The best planetarium program out there is the free Stellarium sky program.  Download it in less than 5 minutes at www.stellarium.com.  Play with all the features, in a few sessions of an hour or so you’ll have the program under your control.  You can go to any date in history—like your birthday or 2,000 years ago—and see what the night sky looked like!

6. Binoculars before a Telescope – There is a lot to see with just the naked eyes.  But adding binoculars of any kind will reveal fainter stars that might not be on basic beginner maps.  With binoculars, you can also begin to see some of the faint, fuzzy spots of light that are galaxies and nebula, as well as resolve some of the larger star clusters.  You don’t have to buy a telescope right away to enjoy the night sky, but when you do buy one, you want to get the biggest and best you can afford.

7. Snacks, beverages and the radio – Unless you’re stargazing with a friend, you’re going to get a little lonely—though neighborhood sounds will keep you alert.  A radio for music or late night talk shows will help pass the time.  And you probably will want to sip on a beverage and enjoy some snacks.  Get them on hand early in the observing so you don’t go inside and ruin your night vision.  And take periods of time walking around between lying in the lounge chair to keep you alert and your body awake.

8. Give Time some Time.   Stargazing is like an athletic event in some ways…the longer it goes on the more invigorated you get into what you’re doing. As your eyes adjust to the dark and stay that way after about 30 minutes, you start seeing the sky (as well as your night neighborhood) in ways you never imagined.  After about an hour of continuous looking around the sky, you’ve seen things like airplanes, satellites and maybe some strange lights!  And you’ve gotten used to looking at your star maps, then up at the constellations and bright stars that are your destination to find and remember. If you get two hours under your belt, well, you will find the night sky grip you.  In that amount of time, the stars you began looking at have shifted to the west and in the east there are new constellations and stars to see (maybe a planet or two) in the east.  It’s the continually changing parade of constellations and their treasures that keep you stargazing for hours.

MarQ photo

9. Make Notes and Photos – Keeping an observing log of your own “discoveries” is fun, and duplicates the steps all stargazers—amateur and professional—have taken in their quest for knowledge about the Universe.  And with today’s digital cameras with high sensitivity, it is easy after a little practice to photograph constellations and the Moon among the stars.

10. Read, read, and read – There is always something new being found among the stars above.  The libraries are full of great books that document the history of astronomy as well as how-to observe with and without telescopes.  And the Internet is an amazing resource for everything astronomical—just Google subjects at your heart’s desire.  And, of course, keep up weekly with what’s up in outer space by reading Stargazer MarQ!

TOTAL ECLIPSE OF MOON TUES APRIL 15

       The wee morning of April 15^th will have some excitement in the sky worth getting up for…a total eclipse of the Moon.

       The partial eclipse action begins at 1:58 am on that Tuesday morning when the first “bite” is taken out of the Full Moon, signaling our celestial neighbor is passing through the shadow Earth casts into space.

The total eclipse technically starts at 3:06 am when the entire Moon will be covered up inside our shadow, and remain so as it moves for the next 89 minutes. 

At 4:25 am, the total eclipse ends, the silvery light of the Moon beginning to be revealed again until the partial eclipse phase ends at 5:32 am.

LUNAR ECLIPSE IN THE PLEIADES 2003  Photo by MARQ

       During the totality phase, the bright Moon is rendered dark, and its exact hue is always unpredictable—from smoky dark to copper red.  This color is caused by the refraction of light in Earth’s atmosphere.  This coloration is given a scale of tints called the Danjon Scale, which you can judge for yourself.

       What is fascinating to watch are the stars that reappear as the bright moonlight is dimmed by Earth’s shadow. The starry background is centered with the Moon in Virgo, near the bright star Spica, with red Mars above and to the east, Saturn in Libra.

       The Moon eclipse technically begins when the orb touches the fainter cone of light the Earth throws into space, the penumbra, at 12:52 am.  That’s hard to detect with the naked eye, but a subtle change in the lunar brightness will lead to the partial eclipse phase when the Moon touches the Earth’s dark umbra beginning at 3:06 am.

       An eclipse of the Moon is the opposite of an eclipse of the Sun, when the Moon passes in front of our star.  Both celestial events happen twice a year somewhere in the world.  And finally, our North America gets to see the lights go out on the Moon—for the first time since 2008. 

Photo by MarQ

       A lunar eclipse is a great photo opportunity, even with a good “point-and-shoot” that has a long telephoto zoom.  Use a tripod, crank up the ISO sensitivity of the camera to 1,000 or more, and even use self timer to eliminate camera shake on exposures longer than 1/30^th of a second.   With the free digital images, take lots and spot check them.  But don’t delete any in the field; wait to see any astrophotos on a computer because even mistakes can be creative. 

       The eclipse of the Moon, or Sun, is always an exciting event in our modern world.  So imagine the near hysteria of civilizations hundreds and thousands of years ago, who didn’t understand the celestial motions creating the wonder.

Many ancient cultures figured out that the Moon is repeating its eclipse times and locations every 18 years, 11 days and 8 hours.  This period is called a Saros. So after each lunar eclipse, in 6,585.32 days, the alignment of the Earth between the Sun and Moon will be exactly the same. Incredibly, the ancient Babylonians in about 200 BC figured this out and maybe the Egyptians a thousand years earlier. The April 15^th lunar eclipse is “member 56 of 75 of Saros 122,” which began on Aug. 14, 122 AD and ends Oct. 29, 2338, when a totally new Saros cycle begins. 

This April 15, 2014 lunar eclipse is also the Full Moon that determines the date for Easter. The formula for determining Easter Sunday is: Easter is the first Sunday after the first Full Moon that occurs after the Vernal Equinox.  Easter is Sunday April 20 because the Full Moon on April 15^th was the first full phase after the March 20^th first day of Spring.   

So much mythology and god worshiping has been associated with the near mystical change of the Moon for a brief time.  Human sacrifices, initiations and secret meetings all are part of the folklore and legends of lunar eclipses. Here are a few:

·      Ancient China cultures believed a three-legged frog was eating the Moon, and the Aztecs thought it was being devoured by a jaguar. Other cultures have all kinds of other animals eating the Moon, than sometimes vomiting it back up.

·      A lunar eclipse proceeded the fall of Constantinople May 29, 1453. The blow to Christendom as the Ottoman Empire sacked the famous sea port lasted until World War I.

·      A 2004 lunar eclipse also fell on the night that the Boston Red Sox won their first Baseball World Series since 1918, breaking a losing streak that started with the trade of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees.  That eclipse was even seen by fans as totality was from 10:23 to 11:45 pm.  

·      Christopher Columbus saved his live and that of his crew when he scared the aggressive natives of Jamaica by making the Moon “disappear” on March 1, 1504.  The famous explorer knew a lot of astronomy, and was aware of the predictions of lunar and solar eclipses.

During this April 15^th middle-of-the-night lunar eclipse there will be the bright, bluish star Spica below the Moon, and to the far right will be the red planet Mars.  The color of Mars and the potentially reddish total eclipsed Moon would be a nice contrast around the 4 am hour.

The color during totality from 3:08—4:23 am will be determined by the Earth’s atmosphere, not anything to do with the Moon itself.  Ash from volcanoes, man-made pollution and forest fires put particulates in the air, and when the sunlight filters through it, there can be tints of colors. 

   There is even a brightness scale proposed by Andre-Louis Danjon in 1921.  Bearing his name, the Danjon Scale is denoted by an L:

L=0 Very dark eclipse with the Moon almost invisible

L=1 Dark eclipse that is gray or brownish in color

L=2 Deep red or rust-colored eclipse.  Very dark central shadow with brighter edges

L=3 Brick-red eclipse, sometimes with a yellowish rim

L=4 Very bright copper red or orange eclipse, and there can be a bright, bluish rim.

Set the alarm clock, loose a little sleep, and go out under the Moon and watch its light be dimmed as it slips in and out of Earth’s shadow.

You can watch the celestial action from the comfort a lawn chair with a pair of binoculars and some snacks. Can determine your own “L” brightness and color on the Danjon Scale, and even take some great photos of the lunar eclipse.  Then compare your results the next day with those posted on such websites as Space Weather, Space, Astronomy, Sky and Telescope, and Universe Today.

We’ll have another total eclipse on Oct. 8, but totality begins when the Moon is setting in the morning sky.  So this is a special lunar eclipse that will worth losing sleep over. 

True Pioneer Robot Headin’ to Taurus
 

       A calling card from Earth is silently heading to the bright, red star in our winter night sky, a true pioneer of mankind’s first steps into interplanetary exploration.

       Pioneer 10 was the first man-made object to pass through the asteroid belt, visit Jupiter and eventually leave the Solar System.

       Launched on March 3, 1972, the TRW-built spacecraft had its switch flipped off on March 31, 1997 when it was about 6 billion miles from Earth.  A few telemetry downloads were squeezed out of Pioneer 10 in 2002 when it was 7.5 billion miles from our Sun, simply a very bright star from that distance.

       Forty-three years after it was sent to the stars, Pioneer 10 is silent as it travels at 27,000 miles per hour in interstellar space.  It is headed toward Aldebaran in Taurus the Bull, the “V-shaped” constellation with the red star that is easy to see in our autumn to early spring night skies.

Today, Pioneer 10 is more than 10 billion miles from the Sun, whose light takes more than 15 hours to reach the spacecraft. Pioneer 10 will take 2 million years to reach Aldebaran, a bloated, red giant of a star, 68 Light Years away.

       But if along the way to Aldebaran aliens snag this strange contraption with the nine foot communications disk, they’ll learn a lot about earthlings.  Welded to the satellite frame is a special plaque that was a bit controversial in the early 1970s for graphically portraying a naked man and woman. 

       The brainchild of astronomer Carl Sagan, this 6x9 inch gold-ionized aluminum plaque was engraved with scientific notation and the image of a man, woman and the Pioneer 10 spacecraft behind them for scale. The outrage of the line drawing showing the man’s penis and woman’s breasts overshadowed the real reason—so aliens know what we look like, where we came from and what our world is made of. 

       The data was ingeniously etched with simple notation in scientific language. There is a chart of our Solar System and Pioneer 10’s left turn at Jupiter and out to interstellar space.

The plaque uses binary code of 0s and 1s for language, the universal hydrogen atom as a yardstick, and the position of 14 “pulsars” in the sky as a bulls-eye to our Sun. The pulsars are the radial lines with their coordinates in binary, the logic being any advanced aliens would know these sites of mega energy output. Pulsars are small neutron stars that emit high energy waves in beams, like a cosmic lighthouse.  

But it was the blatant display of human sex organs that got the ire of some public moral advocates.  Letters to the editors of newspapers who published the Pioneer plaque called it pornographic and obscene.  There was criticism by some religious groups for the lack of a reference to “God” among the clever scientific notation.

Pioneer was a series of NASA satellites that explored the Moon and Venus in the 1960s, each mission a new test for equipment and experiments.  When it was realized that the outer planets would be lined up for a “Grand Tour” by spacecraft in the 1970s, Pioneer 10 to Jupiter and Pioneer 11 to Jupiter and Saturn became the first to push the envelope.  Eventually, Voyager 1 would go to Jupiter and Saturn, and Voyager 2 would complete the “Grand Tour” to Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s.

       The Pioneer 10 was a true pioneer in many ways, including its design.  Because solar panels were no good so far away from the Sun, interplanetary spacecraft need a nuclear source of fuel. And because of radiation effecting scientific instruments, these “RTG” power sources are placed on long booms, away from the main core “bus” of a satellite.

       When launched by an Atlas-Centaur rocket, Pioneer 10 reached a then-high 31,000 mph.  The gravity of Jupiter and its moons changed the velocity of the spacecraft, but nothing in the void of space allows a resistance to the current speed of 26,000 mph. That’s 230 million miles a year.

        Pioneer 10’s sister craft, Pioneer 11, also has an identical etched plaque.  And on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts of the 1980s, an actual gold record, complete with a needle, were place aboard with images, music and important written words included to explain Earth, humans and our Solar System.

       Voyager 1 actually eclipsed the distance of Pioneer 10, though launched 5 years later in 1977. Voyager 1 is traveling at 10,000 mph faster and has hit 12 billion miles from the Sun—in the minus -200 F. degree void of interstellar space.

       These four stellar voyagers have all left the Solar System and are traveling to the stars. They will soon be joined by NASA’s New Horizon, headed to Pluto in July 2015, then beyond to other “dwarf planets” in the unexplored Kuiper Belt of small bodies circling the Solar System.  Aboard New Horizon are a few messages from its builders, as well as some ashes of 1930 Pluto discoverer Clyde Tombaugh.

 These five American spacecraft are headed to the stars, their design alone a testament to the intelligent creatures that sent them.   

       The message in a bottle that the famous Pioneer and Voyager contain may outlive the Earth itself. Image a civilization actually finding Pioneer 10 and realizing they are the ones who are not alone!  

       Spring Equinox a Welcome Change in Weather

       Spring will finally officially be sprung this Thursday, March 20th as our part of the Earth begins tilting toward our life-sustaining star.

       It’s easy to appreciate the change in seasons, but hard to understand why the weather changes from cold to hot to cold again. In fact, it’s just in the last 400 years that humans have figured out the rhythm of our seasons.

       Seasons happen only because the Earth is a little whacked over on its side.  Instead of spinning like a toy top straight up and down, Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees with a little wobble.  Something whacked us good in the early days of our Solar System, maybe ripping the Moon out of our sides.  And it’s the Moon’s gravity that keeps us tilted the way we are, otherwise, we’d keep wobbling all over the place! We do wobble a little, completing a circle every 26,000 years—and changing North Pole stars in the process.    

       The physics of the seasons is this:  in the Summer our Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, and in the Winter we are tilted away.  Sunlight is hotter when striking a surface more direct than at an angle.  Just feel the sun rays on your skin at 10 am, than again at 1 pm.  The higher the Sun angle, the hotter, like around mid-day. 

       That’s what’s happening this week, as Earth reaches a point in its orbit when the angle is between Winter and Summer.  Called the equinoxes, the Spring and Autumn events welcome an equal day and night, with daylight getting longer as the Sun’s arc climbs higher northward. 

       At the Vernal Equinox, the Sun crosses the imaginary line of the ecliptic from the south side to the north, and the Sun is directly overhead at noon. At precisely 12:57 pm DST, the Sun is directly overhead at the Earth's equator. The Sun's daily arch will continue northward, reaching its farthest point north around June 21, the Summer Solstice. The farthest point southward of the Sun's arch against the celestial sphere is the Winter Solstice, around Dec. 21^st.  In between are the Spring and Autumn equinoxes. On Earth, the point where the Sun reaches these points are called the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn—each 23.5 degrees from the equator.

       So, during Winter, our hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, the indirect rays not being very warm.  But as we move in our orbit and begin to nod toward the Sun, we warm up.  Keep in mind that the Southern Hemisphere experiences just the opposite seasons—so our Vernal Equinox is the first day of Autumn “Down Under” in Australia.

       People find it hard to believe that the Earth is actually farther away from the Sun in the summer, and closer to the Sun in the winter.

       That’s because we live with a Northern Hemisphere bias. The Earth will be farthest from the Sun, called aphelion, on July 3 at 94.5 million miles.  We’re closest to the Sun, perihelion, in the first week of January at around 91.3 million miles. 

Now, a few facts about our Sun, after all, it’s the star of this Vernal Equinox show!

       Just an average star in many ways, our Sun is 865,370 miles across and is basically 99 per cent hydrogen. The Sun is so huge that is contains 99.86 per cent of everything in our Solar System.  Incredibly, all the eight planets, all their moons, tens of thousands of asteroids and millions of comets make up just 0.14 per cent of the mass in our star family!

       So, how hot is the Sun?  The surface temperature is around 10,000 degrees F.  But the center, where nuclear fission splits hydrogen atoms into stellar energy, the temperatures must approach 50 million degrees F. 

       The surface we see of the Sun, the photosphere, is granular like boiling oatmeal.  Electromagnetic storms create the dark and cooler sunspots, and flames of hydrogen lick off the surface, taking three days to reach Earth.  These solar gases are magnetically drawn to the magnetic poles of planets Earth, Jupiter and Saturn and create glowing crowns of aurora.

Sun in Hydrogen Light by Solar Dynamics Observatory

       The Sun rotates once every 33 days with some variances at different latitudes.  Like all stars, it emits many dangerous wavelengths of energy like ultraviolet and x-rays, most are blocked out by our atmosphere.  But some of the UV rays sneak through; toasting gently our skin if exposed too long.

       Nothing travels faster than light, and those sunrays leave the surface of our favorite star at 186,000 miles a second, or about 670 million miles in an hour. Traveling the 93 million miles from the Sun’s surface to Earth takes more than 9 minutes. So when you’re laying on the beach soaking up the Sun, you are looking back in time at our star. 

       Want to see the Sun close up? It is being watched every minute of every day by four powerful space satellites and several major solar observatories on Earth.  Check out the World Wide Web for the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak in Arizona and Big Bear Solar Observatory in California.

In outer space are observatories in a permanent orbit a million miles ahead of the Earth and a million miles behind us at the “Lagrangian Points”. The two unique satellites revealing each side of the Sun are simply called Stereo A and Stereo B. The die-hard sun watcher is the orbiting Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), which began working in 1996 on a two-year mission that has lasted more than 18 years.

But the real workhorse watching the Sun is the Solar Dynamic Observatory, costing $2 billion and providing the most detailed look at the Sun with its special instruments.  All these great solar observatories have websites devoted to their images, and many are pictures of beauty as well as scientific data. Another great website to daily follow the Sun is Space Weather, which monitors the solar activity in layman’s terms.

       Enjoy our favorite star as it climbs higher in the sky each day, bringing Spring warmth and new vegetative growth to our Northern Hemisphere. And don’t forget to lather up with the sunscreen!